In case of fluorescence detector, analytes are identified depends on the occurrence of a chromophore in the particles. (AFB2), Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and Aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) and can be differentiated according to their fluorescence under UV light (green or blue) and comparative chromatographic movement during thin\layer chromatography. Apart from major AFs, AFM1, a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, frequently found in milk and milk based baby foods. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Chemical structures of the mycotoxins abbreviations: (a) Aflatoxin B1, (b) Aflatoxin B2, (c) Aflatoxin G1, (d) Aflatoxin G2, (e) Zearalenone, (f) Citrinin, (g) Ochratoxin, (h) Patulin, (i) Trichothecenes, (j) Fumonisin B1 1.1.2. Zearalenone Various species like are in the production of nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin named zearalenone (Figure ?(Figure1e;1e; Urry, Wehrmeister, Hodge, & Hidy, 1966) via polyketide pathway (Hagler, Towers, Mirocha, Eppley, & Bryden, 2001). It exhibits blue\green fluorescence when excited by long wavelength UV light (360?nm) and a more intense green fluorescence when excited with short wavelength UV light (260?nm; Yu, Wang, & Sun, 2014). Other techniques like HPLC/IAC, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or electrospray ionization interface and LC\MS/MS have been commonly used for the measurement of zearalenone (ZEA; Berthiller, Schuhmacher, Buttinger, & Krska, 2005; Macdonald et al., 2005). 1.1.3. Citrinin Several species of and are responsible for the production of Citrinin (Figure ?(Figure1f).1f). Among species, is reported to be mainly involved in the production of citrinin. Citrinin is a polyketide mycotoxin. It has a conjugated, planar structure which produces its natural fluorescence (the highest fluorescence is produced by a nonionized citrinin molecule at pH 2.5; Vazquez et al., 1996). Quantitative methods such as high\performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC\FLD) and LC\MS/MS have been compared for citrinin detection in red fermented rice samples, and it was observed that LC\MS/MS displayed better results in terms of limit of detection (LOD) and quantification compared to that of HPLC\FLD (Ji et al., 2015). 1.1.4. Ochratoxin Filamentous species of and are involved in the production of Ochratoxin A (OTA; Figure ?Figure1g;1g; Temocapril Bredenkamp, Dillen, Rooyen, & Steyn, 1989; Budavari, 1989; Miller, 1992). It is a pentaketide derivative coupled to \phenylalanine from the dihydrocoumarins family. OTA is Temocapril optically active, and it is spectrally characterized by UV\visible, fluorescence, IR, and NMR and MS detection methods (Abramson, 1987; de Jesus, Steyn, Vleggaar, & Wessels, 1980). 1.1.5. Patulin Several species of mold, like and are involved in PAT production. Patulin (Figure ?(Figure1h)1h) is also a polyketide metabolite. Liquid chromatography (LC) with UV detector has been used to identify and quantify PAT. However, capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) developed by Tsao and Zhou (2000) has proved Temocapril to be a faster and more precise technique for quantification of PAT. Martin, Aranda, Benito, Perez\Nevado, and Cordoba (2005) have reported detection of five other mycotoxins such as citrinin, ZEA, mycophenolic acid, aflatoxin B1, and griseofulvin apart from PAT by MEKC. It requires a small volume of samples and is ecologically safe compared to other analytical methods. 1.1.6. Trichothecenes Trichothecenes (Figure ?(Figure1i)1i) include a large family of structurally related toxins, mainly produced by fungi belonging to the genus species mycotoxins. Maize, wheat, oats, barley, rice, and other grains are often contaminated in the field or during processing. DON can be converted to deoxynivalenol\3\glucoside (DON\3G) called as masked mycotoxin by plant detoxification (Dong et Mouse monoclonal to BID al., 2017). Methods like LC\MS/MS are developed to detect the both DON and DON\3G in the bakery products (Generotti et al., 2015). Similarly, Johny et al. (2019) have developed high\resolution LC\MS method to detect DON\3G exposed fish and in plant\based fish feed. The LOD was obtained 176?g/kg for DON\3G in salmon, zebrafish, and fish feed. 1.1.8. Fumonisin Fumonisin (Figure ?(Figure1j)1j) is produced by species particularly (Rheeder, Marasas, & Vismer, 2002). Plattner and Shackelford (1992) and Seo and Lee (1999) have demonstrated that fumonisins (FBs) do not possess a cyclic structure which is generally found in mycotoxins. The detection and measurement of these toxins by HPLC using electrospray MS and evaporative light scattering detector have been widely reported. Fumonisins can be detected using HPLC\UV or HPLC fluorescence detectors after derivatization (Ndube, van der Westhuizen, & Shephard, 2009; Shephard, Sydenham, Thiel, & Gelderblom, 1990). 1.2. Mycotoxins toxicity and their adverse effects.